capital direct

Business ethics in the distribution of capital and the creation of investment

Business ethics Capital distribution

By PROF Viswanathan

Director

International Bureau of socio-economic

Chennai, India (E Mail: economist@dataone.in )

"Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. More than one thinks himself the master of others, and yet it is more slave than they. How did this change occur? I do not know … "

* – Rousseau, Jean Jacques – "The Social Contract" (p 100)

The economic slavery and the ownership of capital:

reserves Rousseau does not hesitate to admit his incapacity due to the fact that he attended the complications that deeply rooted in the early socio-economic existing during his time. But in the midst of the knowledge explosion today I can deduce the reason for the socio-economic slavery of the people. I know the answer to slavery. It is both very simple and very complicated to explain in the current context of permutations and combinations socio-economic orders. The answer is very simple in the fact that, soon as man gives up his capital in a few capitalists in the name of capitalism or the "State" in the name of "socialism" especially after the industrial revolution man has become slave of capital or the "State". On the other hand, the answer is very complicated, which requires a sense of depth to find flaws and correct the defects that have deeply rooted in each segment of the socio-economic as religion, customs and conventions, education, law, politics, and psychological behavior of man these SES segments have always been the view of propulsion and visions of the man to give up its capital to the capitalist or to the state "rather than keep it with himself to find" the economic power of capital "to get rid of any form of slavery. The return of capital is the ignorance of the man who has never witnessed the long history of humanity.

A new form of slavery widely known as "economic slavery" came to the surface during the manufacturing during the social revolution Industrial. During this period of great revolution machines had played a vital role in the production of goods and services. The owners of these machines enormous capital that emerged as the masters of society and the remaining members of society, a vast majority of workers, turned into slaves economic in all capitalist societies.

After the industrial revolution, when the huge machines were held directly by the "State" the same workers on behalf of "socialism" in all socialist states.

This is the process of slavery that Rousseau says that man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. How do we do shiver in pieces the chains "of slavery, are still in force workers physically and mentally, even in all democratic societies. Reply perches on the elucidation of the population to understand "What is the capital of Justice? Ethic or Business? and on finding a "technical" Economics of "how assigned directly to the capital's population is entirely created by them?

"What the justice of the capital?

I dare to state the only reasonable approach to resolve any What problem is first and foremost to understand the problem and understand this problem we have to stand in relation to the problem with a perfect view and a vision of justice and without being a traitor to our own conscience. Thus, it commands me to keep my thoughts perpetually in a balanced attitude without a privilege or even less to capitalism, nor to socialism. I think me, I can deal with this condition before writing my concepts in the interest of justice and the welfare of humanity. And now, let me define the concept of Justice and Business Capital Ethic "

"The Constitution of Natural laws" codifies "economic justice" is the basic structure of the economic system on which elements of the beautiful super-structure of a well – ordered society are built "

Having freedom the reason I want to clarify that, according to economic justice business ethics, the capital of a country is created by the people and for the people and should therefore be held directly by the people. "   Once the capital, which is now ownership of some or State or both, is of "direct, popular owner, therefore, each worker is insured direct involvement of the country's capital stock. It leads to "Every industry for all industries and all industries for each". This the heart of "Economic Justice".

"On the direct ownership of capital by the people in line with "economic justice, a new economic system known as" DEMOCRISM 'appear on the basis of "economic democracy "The demolition of all socio-economic ills that are unnecessarily ambient in all economies because of its formulation defective. For the sake of simplicity, I assume that capitalism and communism as the first and second theories and the introduction of my "Democrism" as "third theory "to differentiate it with current theories."

Due to a property right to the capital by Business Ethic:

The "Declaration of Independence" of the United States of America has proclaimed July 4, 1776 reads as follows:

"We hold these truths to be evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness .

With all his powerful strength of the Declaration "stresses that, among all human rights, it's right of living "is supreme, beyond the zenith, it can not be confiscated by force or without the consent and confirmation of Justice. On behalf of the war or the name of patriotism or the name of religion or the name of the law or in the name of caste, creed and conventions one has a divine or earthly power to waive it's right to live on earth. Even if a man dies because of poverty it implies that awful man 'Right to Live "has been confiscated and the whole society in which it is Member must take collective responsibility.

In the economy Modern systems can not produce what he wants without the help of others. Since the introduction of the division of labor in the factory system production, we can not produce a specific part of a product and has trained and the education to do the work in particular. In these economic conditions it's right to live "depends solely on the" Permanent Job "or" right at work. "In turn used his job remains as a load factor of volume of capital or investment flows. If the volume of capital becomes insufficient, his job will be more affected and therefore his "right to live 'will be confiscated. Since the supreme duty any civilized society is to provide "right to live 'each and every one of its members and also the' right to live" is exclusively by the volume of capital, the company must provide an honest and correct, and assign a cause to defend volume of capital all members of the inalienable "right to property because of the capital" as a fundamental right to ensure its "right to live '. This basic concept is "Capital of justice." (Confirming also "people Direct ownership of capital" for his "right to live ' in dignity and security is the capital base of justice ")

Typically in economics, we classify goods produced as "consumer goods and capital goods' depending on their use by the consumer. If similar goods "Cars" are used for personal use by consumers that drive consumer called in when the cars came so used "For purposes of hiring, such as taxis to earn an income, they are called capital goods. I'm not wrong to say that consumption and capital goods are produced by all workers. nobody dares to advocate rather than consumption goods are produced by "consumer-workers and capital goods are produced by capitalists" or "State" in capitalism and socialism, respectively. Both commodities are produced by workers and by their employees according to their capacity as the "work of justice" (Namely the work according to ability).

The Wages Justice states "wages according to the work. The work includes the production of consumption and capital goods as a whole. But the workers are not wages for equivalent volume of capital and consumer goods they produced. Capitalists and communists pay wages to workers is equivalent to the value consumer goods only. They were naked operate a considerable volume of workers' wages in the name of profit by which they buy goods which are produced exclusively by workers. Nobody has the divine authority derived "or" or "temporal authority" to waive a portion of salaries of workers in the name of the "capital" without the "general will" of workers or legal approval of the working class.

The capital not only has a huge capacity to produce goods and services but also has enormous "economic power" as a nuclear atom. With the economic power both the capitalists and the state can not control all socio-economic-political working class and enslave them as "economic slaves and still threaten their "right to live."

I find no words to register my mental agony that "distributive injustice" has been performed on the working class by denying the distribution of capital against the injustice of the legal and moral reasons. This "distribution" This inherent flaws that were deeply rooted in our economic systems. Invariably all economic actors and thinkers Social fiercely showed these defects and distributive injustice. For example John Maynard Keynes, who is still considered the most intelligent economic thinkers, wrote in his groundbreaking book, "The General Theory", as follows:

"The outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to ensure full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution wealth and income "

Keynes developed the idea in his words and views justifiable in vision that capital should be distributed equitably among the people to remedy the serious faults of our economic systems. I dare say if both consumption and capital goods are distributed among people in satisfying the legitimate views and visions of Keynes, it would be beyond any doubt, lead the company for the establishment of "economic democracy" or "DEMOCRISM, a new economic system I advocate the creation of an "ideal society '.

It will be the fact that when the ultimate capital divided between people, in coordination with "distributive justice" "All sectors will be owned by each worker and each sector will be owned by all workers . In establishing these industries or the capitalists nor the state would be allowed to claim ownership of capital. Creating all industries would be "by the people, for the people and the people" It would be called "democratic economy or" DEMOCRISM "- The third theory – assuming that capitalism and communism are theories of first and second.

Understanding Capital of Justice or company is Democrism Ethic:

The crux of the problem of understanding "business DEMOCRISM say" ethics, based on two theoretical pillars: All First the distribution process of the national capital (ie capital stock of a nation) to the population and other the creation of "new investment" of the people, by the people and for the people.

Distribution National Capital will ensure people of "economic justice" of "Each for all industry and all industries for each creation" and " new industry "will enable the working class to represent a portion of their salary as a" share "the creation of new industries in a worker who has a share in all sectors and all workers will share in all sectors to defend "the investment of justice". I will explain the "investment justice" in the following chapters to come.

First let me explain the distribution of capital National People for the establishment of "Democracy in the economy," namely the "Economic System Democrism "(The third theory) with a hypothetical example.

Capital - Output ratio: Suppose that the national capital amounts countries to $ 3,000 billion with the help of this stock of capital, the country produced one trillion dollars worth of goods and services. Shows the capital-producing countries is 3: 1. In other words, to produce 1 million worth of goods from the country requires a value of 3 million dollars of capital.

Again, let me take the annual income of a "hypothetical worker" is $ 100,000 and he spends all his income to purchase consumer goods. Since the capital-output ratio is 3: 1 for the production of $ 100,000 worth of consumer goods, worth $ 300,000 capital goods were used. Similarly, as the total income of all workers a capital stock would have been used three times income. Overall to produce a particular amount of national income, a certain amount of capital stock would have been used and it determines the capital output ratio. From this stock of capital is the only legally authorized workers, but it has been falsely given to a handful of capitalists or the state. This is not infallible infallible justice. To preserve the "economic justice" of the capital stock should also be distributed to all workers based capital: exit rates. This mode of apportionment of the national capital guarantee all workers and ensure a powerful asset "economic democracy" between people and the liabilities the week "political democracy" to protect his freedom.

In the modern production system from "the capital" has held the position as a hub in the process of producing goods and services consumption and also determines its "right to work" and "right to live" no worker is entitled to his capital goods to other workers. No worker is permitted to hold a stake more than the capital of his country ": Exit rates. Marketing from the capital in the economy democracy is forfeited because he can sell his "right to live" right to work "economic security" and " economic equality. Justice warns the man not to sell the economic freedom, political freedom even if it sells.

Shareholding and Business Ethic: Capital is inseparable block. We can not be divided into parts close to distribute to workers depending on their wage income. He made huge industries. Workers can claim a "right of capital" in the national capital stock and an "income dividends in terms of their share capital. Capital goods can not be distributed to workers as consumer goods. Each worker can claim a certain value in the national capital to ensure their right to capital. The value of capital will be distributed to workers equal or according of their income. The allocation of capital is just an "accounting entry" for each worker they have the right to capital in the national capital.

Each worker will have a "capital account in the bank and capital – value stocks," according to its annual income will be credited. Workers will be strictly limited to negotiate its share capital to other workers as it is now practiced in the "market share. The hand-game "involved in market share would be completely abolished. On the other hand there will be a market commodity. As part of its capital represents its "right to live," "right to work and economic freedom and security of the sale of capital will not be allowed at any cost in the "People's Direct ownership of the capital of" telling "economic democracy".

In the distribution of the national capital people in the capital: output ratio "would be taken as a guideline for capital each worker according to his salary. Right Workers ordinary village of the page the more director general of a large company, the ratio would be strictly followed in the distribution of capital because it preserves the "distributive justice". No one would give an unfair advantage to demand more capital – the share of the income ratio. The total capital will be distributed to national all persons without discrimination of its work. This is the idea of "Democrism 'namely' economic democracy '. I wish to take the liberty to express such distribution does not protect the noble concept of capital justice. "

Mahatma Gandhi stresses the justice of capital in the way of spiritual style follows:

"We must aim to ensure that this remains the the world becomes. Thus, if the world becomes the milk, we can also have it. We can pray to God and say: "O God, if you want me to have milk, call first for the rest of the world "*

-* Gandhi. M _ "Speeches and writings of Mr. Gandhi (p: 384)

If someone wants to portray his argument that the example presented above by Gandhi in the distribution of milk can be coordinated to "Distribution of income," but not "allocation of capital – the wealth," Gandhi answers as follows:

Win Your crores by all means. But understand that your wealth is not yours, it belongs to the poor. Take what you want for your needs legitimate, and use the rest for the company … … But I have visions of the end of the war also meant the end of the domination of capital. I see coming the day of the rule of the poor, whether the rule is by force of arms or non-violence. "**

**- Gandhi. M: "Harijan", February 1, 1942

The views and visions of Gandhi are quietly warning the company capitalist capital – the wealth must be honestly presented to the public under the supreme justice, failing which, he warns, that the poor the same lethal weapons to defend their legitimate right to have their capital through non-violence that the "rule of poor shot" instead of "rule poor ballot "which may be the only solution to remove all the ills of the poor.

Now I explain the basic concept of Democrism in ordinary conditions. In Democrism Democrism In order to ensure a sense of security regarding the "ownership of capital" in the spirit each worker, "An account of capital" would be opened in his name and his legitimate reason would be credited to capital in its capital account.

The capital in the sight of an ordinary man can look like a commodity like machinery and factory buildings. But it is not in the true sense. Capital contains in its center a huge "economic power" by which only one can save and secure their "right to live in the world, which is evaluated as the supreme right of all human socio-economic and political. No worker, therefore, would be permitted to sell or purchase its share capital due. Capital is not a commodity, because if the sale of capital "in the shape of the hand is allowed among the workers, there is nothing to workers to sell their "right to live", "economic freedom" economic security "economic equality", "And so on. The sale of capital leads workers to their economic slavery, political revolution can not raise them. Therefore Rousseau says in his Social Contract, "Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains"

It is a universal law that the force natural of all developments is to bring all systems to their imperfect perfection to overcome one obstacle after another hurdle in the process. If obstacles are numerous and powerful force of nature evolution consumes more time to overcome them. "Perfection" is the law of nature, and "Evolution" is its mechanism. As the "natural force of evolution, the capital must be owned by all the workers to attain perfection and to maintain the death penalty. In this context, we know that our economic systems are riddled with imperfection and difficult struggle to move towards perfection, and therefore we have no other alternative except to delete them not to plunge the world into destruction.

As Indeed, if both capitalism and socialism imperfect want to move to their "perfection" in good standing of the nature they have to restore the "capital" for the population and to ensure "direct popular owner of Capital," the final product of the ultimate perfection in the formation of economic systems. People direct ownership of capital would be out of all the contradictions and moral theory and is a perfect system Economic known as "DEMOCRISM. On the establishment of the capital will be Democrism property or by a handful of capitalists as in capitalism or state socialism, but as in the people of all countries. This "popular ownership of capital" will the rule of nature and the natural force of the evolution of any economic system. Nobody or no power in the world oppose.

About the Author

Director, International Socio-Economic Research Bureau, India